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@inproceedings{hassib2020mum,
 abstract = {Mobile applications that are granted permission to access the device’s camera can access it at any time without necessarily showing the camera feed to the user or communicating that it is being used. This lack of transparency raises privacy concerns, which are exacerbated by the increased adoption of applications that leverage front-facing cameras. Through a focus group we identified three promising approaches for nudging the user that the camera is being accessed, namely: notification bar, frame, and camera preview. We experimented with accompanying each nudging method with vibrotactile and audio feedback. Results from a user study (N=15) show that while using frame nudges is the least annoying and interrupting, but was less understandable than the camera feed and notifications. On the other hand, participants found that indicating camera usage by showing its feed or by using notifications is easy to understand. We discuss how these nudges raise user awareness and the effects on app usage and perception. },
 address = {New York, NY, USA},
 author = {Hassib, Mariam and Abdelmoteleb, Hatem and Khamis, Mohamed},
 booktitle = {19th International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia},
 doi = {10.1145/3428361.3428384},
 isbn = {9781450388702},
 keywords = {Mobile Devices, Privacy, front-facing camera},
 location = {Essen, Germany},
 numpages = {5},
 pages = {186–190},
 publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
 series = {MUM 2020},
 title = {Are My Apps Peeking? Comparing Nudging Mechanisms to Raise Awareness of Access to Mobile Front-Facing Camera},
 url = {https://www.unibw.de/usable-security-and-privacy/publikationen/pdf/hassib2020mum.pdf},
 year = {2020}
}