Foreign Information Manipulation and Interference: Dynamics and Case Studies in the Digital Era

28 July 2026

In her working paper, Eleni Kapsokoli examines the evolving phenomenon of foreign information manipulation and interference (FIMI) as a significant threat to democratic governance, social cohesion and international stability. Drawing on case studies from the Russia–Ukraine war and attempts to influence elections in various European countries, the paper outlines the tactics, techniques and procedures employed in FIMI campaigns. It also discusses the European Union's ongoing efforts to counter this challenge effectively and strengthen collective resilience in the digital era.

The article can be downloaded here.

More information on the Working Paper Series of CISS Munich can be found here.

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